Kalafo ea metsi a litšila a nang le asiti

Metsi a litšila a asiti ke metsi a litšila a nang le boleng ba pH bo ka tlase ho 6. Ho ea ka mefuta e fapaneng le mahloriso a li-acid, metsi a litšila a asiti a ka aroloa ka metsi a litšila a asiti e sa pheleng le metsi a litšila a asiti e phelang. Metsi a litšila a asiti e matla le metsi a litšila a asiti e fokolang; Metsi a litšila a asiti e le 'ngoe le metsi a litšila a polyacid; Metsi a litšila a asiti a nang le mahloriso a tlase le metsi a litšila a asiti a nang le mahloriso a mangata. Hangata metsi a litšila a asiti, ntle le ho ba le asiti e itseng, hangata a boetse a na le li-ion tsa tšepe e boima le letsoai la tsona le lintho tse ling tse kotsi. Metsi a litšila a asiti a tsoa mehloling e mengata e fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa le ho ntša metsi ka metsing, hydrometallurgy, ho rola tšepe, kalafo ea asiti holim'a tšepe le litšepe tse seng tsa ferrous, indasteri ea lik'hemik'hale, tlhahiso ea asiti, lidae, electrolysis, electroplating, likhoele tsa maiketsetso le mafapha a mang a indasteri. Metsi a litšila a tloaelehileng a asiti ke metsi a litšila a asiti ea sulfuric, a lateloa ke asiti ea hydrochloric le metsi a litšila a asiti ea nitric. Selemo se seng le se seng, Chaena e haufi le ho ntša metsi a litšila a indasteri a ka bang limilione tse ka bang milione, haeba metsi ana a litšila a ntšoa ka kotloloho ntle le kalafo, a tla senya liphaephe, a senye lijalo, a lematse litlhapi, a senye likepe 'me a senye bophelo bo botle ba tikoloho. Metsi a litšila a asiti ea indasteri a tlameha ho hloekisoa ho fihlela maemo a naha a ho ntša metsi pele a ntšoa, metsi a litšila a asiti a ka sebelisoa hape le ho sebelisoa hape. Ha ho phekoloa asiti ea litšila, mekhoa e ka khethoa e kenyelletsa kalafo ea letsoai, mokhoa oa mahloriso, mokhoa oa ho se nke lehlakore ka lik'hemik'hale, mokhoa oa ho ntša metsi, mokhoa oa ho fapanyetsana li-ion resin, mokhoa oa karohano ea lera, jj.

1. ho sebelisa letsoai hape

Seo ho thoeng ke ho ntša letsoai ke ho sebelisa metsi a mangata a letsoai a kolobisitsoeng ho thibela litšila tsohle tse phelang tse ka har'a asiti e litšila. Leha ho le joalo, mokhoa ona o tla hlahisa asiti ea hydrochloric mme o ame ho hlaphoheloa le ho sebelisoa ha asiti e litšila ea sulfuric, kahoo mokhoa oa ho ntša letsoai litšila tse phelang tse ka har'a asiti e litšila ka tharollo e koahetsoeng ea sodium bisulphate o ile oa ithutoa.
Asiti e senyehileng e na le asiti ea sulfuric le litšila tse fapaneng tsa tlhaho, tseo boholo ba tsona e leng karolo e nyane ea asiti ea 6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4 sulfonic le li-isomer tse fapaneng ntle le asiti ea 6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4-sulfonic e hlahisoang ke toluene ts'ebetsong ea sulfonation, chlorination le nitrification. Mokhoa oa ho ntša letsoai ke ho sebelisa metsi a mangata a letsoai a tletseng ho thibela litšila tsohle tsa tlhaho tse ka har'a asiti e senyehileng. Mokhoa oa ho sebelisa letsoai hape o ke ke oa tlosa litšila tse fapaneng tsa tlhaho tse ka har'a asiti e senyehileng feela, empa hape o ka khutlisa asiti ea sulfuric ho e kenya tlhahisong ea potoloho, ho boloka litšenyehelo le matla.

2. Mokhoa oa ho besa

Mokhoa oa ho besa o sebelisoa ho asiti e feto-fetohang joalo ka asiti ea hydrochloric, e aroloang ho tharollo ka ho besa ho fihlela phello ea ho hlaphoheloa.

3. Mokhoa oa ho thibela lik'hemik'hale

Karabelo ea motheo ea H+(aq)+OH-(aq)=H2O le eona ke motheo oa bohlokoa bakeng sa kalafo ea metsi a litšila a nang le asiti. Mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ho phekola metsi a litšila a nang le asiti e kenyelletsa ho se sebetse le ho sebelisa hape, ho se sebetse hantle ha metsi a litšila a nang le asiti, ho se sebetse hantle ha lithethefatsi, ho se sebetse hantle ha ho sefa, jj. Matsatsing a pele a likhoebo tse ling tsa tšepe le tšepe Chaena, boholo ba tsona li ne li sebelisa mokhoa oa ho se sebetse hantle ha asiti ho phekola mokelikeli o litšila oa hydrochloric acid le sulfuric acid pickling, e le hore boleng ba pH bo fihle boemong ba ho ntša metsi. Sodium carbonate (soda ash), sodium hydroxide, limestone kapa lime e le lisebelisoa tse tala bakeng sa ho se sebetse hantle ha asiti, tšebeliso e akaretsang e theko e tlase, e bonolo ho e etsa kalaka.

4. Mokhoa oa ho ntša metsi

Ho ntsha metsi le mokelikeli, ho tsejoang hape e le ho ntsha metsi a solvent, ke tshebetso ya yuniti e sebedisang phapang ya ho qhibiliha ha dikarolo tse mokelikeling wa thepa e tala ka hara solvent e loketseng ho fihlella karohano. Phekolong ya metsi a ditshila a nang le asiti, ho hlokahala hore metsi a ditshila a nang le asiti le solvent ya organic di kopane ka botlalo, e le hore ditshila tse ka hara asiti ya ditshila di fetisetswe ho solvent. Ditlhoko tsa drantant ke tsena: (1) hobane asiti ya ditshila ha e sebetse, ha e arabele ka dikhemikhale le asiti ya ditshila, mme ha e qhibilihe ka hara asiti ya ditshila; (2) Ditshila tse ka hara asiti ya ditshila di na le coefficient e phahameng ya karohano ho drantant le sulfuric acid; (3) Theko e theko e tlase ebile e bonolo ho e fumana; (4) Ho bonolo ho e arola ho ditshila, tahlehelo e nyane ha e hlobolwa. Di-drantant tse tlwaelehileng di kenyeletsa benzene (toluene, nitrobenzene, chlorobenzene), phenols (creosote crude diphenol), halogenated hydrocarbons (trichloroethane, dichloroethane), isopropyl ether le N-503.

5. mokhoa oa phapanyetsano ea resin ea ion

Molao-motheo oa motheo oa ho phekola mokelikeli oa litšila tsa asiti ea tlhaho ka resin ea phapanyetsano ea ion ke hore li-resin tse ling tsa phapanyetsano ea ion li ka monya li-acid tsa tlhaho ho tsoa tharollong ea asiti ea litšila 'me tsa tlosa li-acid tse sa tloaelehang le letsoai la tšepe ho fihlela karohano ea li-acid le letsoai tse fapaneng.

6. mokhoa oa karohano ea lera

Bakeng sa mokelikeli o litšila o nang le asiti, mekhoa ea kalafo ea lera e kang dialysis le electrodialysis le eona e ka sebelisoa. Ho hlaphoheloa ha lera la asiti e litšila ho sebelisa molao-motheo oa dialysis, o susumetsoang ke phapang ea mahloriso. Sesebelisoa sohle se entsoe ka lera la dialysis ea ho hasana, poleiti ea ho aba metsi, poleiti ea ho matlafatsa, foreimi ea poleiti ea phallo ea metsi, jj., 'me se fihlella phello ea karohano ka ho arola lintho ka har'a mokelikeli o litšila.

7. mokhoa oa ho pholisa kristale

Mokhoa oa ho pholisa kristale ke mokhoa oa ho fokotsa mocheso oa tharollo le ho potlakisa ho qhibiliha ha solute. E sebelisoa ts'ebetsong ea kalafo ea asiti ea litšila hore litšila tse ka har'a asiti ea litšila li pholisoe ho khutlisa tharollo ea asiti e fihlelang litlhoko 'me e ka sebelisoa hape. Mohlala, asiti ea sulfuric e silafetseng e ntšitsoeng ts'ebetsong ea ho hlatsoa acyl ea leloala le biling e na le sulfate e ngata ea ferrous, e phekoloang ka ts'ebetso ea ho kopanya le ho hloekisa. Kamora ho tlosoa ha ferrous sulfate ka ho sefa, asiti e ka khutlisetsoa ts'ebetsong ea ho pickling ea tšepe bakeng sa ts'ebeliso e tsoelang pele.

Ho pholisa kristale ho na le lits'ebetso tse ngata tsa indasteri, tse bontšitsoeng mona ke ts'ebetso ea ho pickling ts'ebetsong ea tšepe. Ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebetso ea tšepe le ea mechini, tharollo ea sulfuric acid e sebelisoa hangata ho tlosa mafome holim'a tšepe. Ka hona, ho sebelisoa hape ha asiti e litšila ho ka fokotsa litšenyehelo haholo le ho sireletsa tikoloho. Ho pholisa kristale ho sebelisoa indastering ho fihlela ts'ebetso ena.

8. Mokhoa oa ho ntša oksijene

Mokhoa ona o se o sebelisitsoe nako e telele, 'me molao-motheo ke ho bolisa litšila tse phelang ka har'a asiti ea sulfuric e litšila ka ho etsa oxidizing tlas'a maemo a loketseng, e le hore e ka fetoloa carbon dioxide, metsi, li-oxide tsa naetrojene, jj., 'me ea aroloa ho asiti ea sulfuric e litšila, e le hore asiti ea sulfuric e litšila e ka hloekisoa le ho khutlisoa. Li-oxidant tse sebelisoang hangata ke hydrogen peroxide, asiti ea nitric, asiti ea perchloric, asiti ea hypochlorous, nitrate, ozone jj. Oxidizer ka 'ngoe e na le melemo le mefokolo ea eona.